3 ARTICLES ON BIOLOGICAL CAUSES OF DEPRESSION
ARTICLE #1: As Research Advances, Treatment for Depression Gets Better
DESCRIPTION
This brief article focuses on individuals with unremitting treatment resistant depression. Individuals may undergo psychotherapy (both traditional and cognitive behavioral) as well as medication trials and yet may not respond well. This article suggests that some may need an intensive physiological analysis to determine where there are specific biological causes that may not be possible with traditional medical examinations. “Researchers found that by isolating specific metabolic deficiencies determined through an analysis of a patient’s cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), specific metabolic and neurotransmitter deficiencies can be identified and implemented with almost miraculously positive results.” While there are many theories and studies as to the causes of depression, these recent advances in neuroscience may hold the key for the most difficult cases.
SOURCE
Psychology Today, August 19, 2016, by Richard Taite
LINK TO RESOURCE
(Tiny URL) http://tinyurl.com/zc42wgn
ARTICLE #2: Blue-Blocking Glasses May Help Treat Bipolar Disorder, Promote Sleep
DESCRIPTION
Does exposure to light from electronic devices (phones, computers, TV) disrupt the normal brain circadian rhythms that control sleep and wakefulness as well as bipolar disorder? Some scientists decided to test this notion on hospitalized bipolar patients in a small study in Norway. “Scientists have proposed that limiting exposure to blue light given off by electronics at night could help people sleep and help reset dysfunctional biological clocks, both of which are involved in disorders like manic depression.” In a simple experiment, approximately 12 patients wore amber blue-blocking glasses for one week and were compared to 11 who did not wear the glasses. All other conditions remained constant. The results demonstrated a significant improvement in the bipolar condition in the group wearing the glasses in the one week of treatment. “The paper builds on a growing body of research showing how important light is for controlling not only circadian rhythms but mood and many other aspects of physical and mental health.” Other studies cited discuss improvement in those suffering insomnia by changing the way the brain perceives light that affects the hypothalamus, pineal gland, and release of melatonin. This is known as “chronotherapeutics.”
Note, a number of studies are cited in the article as related to light therapy and depressive affect. The links in the article take the reader to the abstracts of the studies. This is useful for teaching the Psychology as a science segment of the course.
SOURCE
Newsweek, July 26, 2016, by Douglas Main
LINK TO RESOURCE
http://www.newsweek.com/blue-blocking-glasses-may-help-treat-bipolar-disorder-promote-sleep-484065
(Tiny URL) http://tinyurl.com/hntwzee
ARTICLE #3: New Clues to Depression Spotted in the Genome
DESCRIPTION
A vast study (>460,000) subjects examined the genome coding of subjects who reported seeking treatment for depression comparing them to those who had not sought treatment. Further, there were comparisons of genomes of groups who were actively seeking treatment versus those who reported no feelings of depression. The genome information was made available by anonymous biological profiles from 23andMe. 23andMe.com is one of the recent entries into the genealogy field that provides DNA testing to its clients. Additionally participants can fill out surveys as to their physical, emotional, and mental health characteristics. The results showed that “…a big step may have been made in tracing depression to its source, with a new study in Nature Genetics revealing no fewer than 15 discrete regions on the human genome associated with the development of major depressive disorder (MDD).” The results suggest that for many experiencing depression that there are clear genetic biological correlates. (Explain to students that genetic issues may not mean hereditary or inherited issues.) The scientists hope that the data will eventually lead to targeted treatments for depression and perhaps prevention.
SOURCE
Time, August 1, 2016, by Jeffrey Kluger
LINK TO RESOURCE
http://time.com/4431292/depression-genome/
(Tiny URL) http://tinyurl.com/jcbpblg
CLASS DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
•Using the text book: what is depression? What are the causes and treatments?
•How are experiments with patients/clients who have depression conducted? What are the pitfalls of drawing conclusions from studies with patients experiencing mental health problems? What are the ethical issues?
•According to the articles, what are some of the hypothesized biological causes of depression? (Each article focuses on different biological issues.)
• •All three articles focus on the biological aspects of the causes of depression. Where possible discuss depression from the BioPsychoSocial perspective to complement the biological perspective.